Which physiological events constitute metabolism

The regulation of the meristematic zone implies complex regulatory mechanisms involving phytohormones, transcription factors such as WOX5 and SCR, and regulatory proteins like ROW1 Drisch and Stahl, ; Zhang et al. At the beginning of rootlet development, anatomical observations and RNA-seq analysis demonstrated the establishment and maintenance of a normal root meristem with high dividing activities along with elongation and differentiation zones.

However, the anatomical description of the rootlet development highlighted a major transition between emergence and rootlet growth arrest at stage IV, corresponding to the S5 and S6 portions of the RNA-seq sampling.

Our results suggest an exhaustion of stem cells and a complete differentiation of the rootlet which becomes determinate. It is known that root determinacy is usually related to developmental changes within the root apical meristem and that any disruption in the balance between cell division and cell differentiation would lead to the deregulation or even the exhaustion of the meristem.

These changes are often accompanied with multiple growth defects including swelling or program cell death Shishkova et al. However, no tissue damages have been observed in the rootlets studied. In the time course of the analysis, the final determinate stage is clearly reached but the rootlet is not yet senescent and its physiological activities are high.

Interestingly, RNA-seq data analysis suggested an increase in membrane proteins dedicated to the uptake of many essential nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, potassium, sulfate, iron, zinc or calcium. Such a result was already present in previous white lupin transcriptome analysis Secco et al. At the end of the growing phase, massive secretion of protons and citrate into the rhizosphere may affect not only the availability of phosphate, but also the solubility of other nutrients.

The simultaneous increase of several membrane transporters boosts overall nutrient-uptake efficiency. Finally, our study underlines that the rootlet becomes a hyper-specialized organ dedicated to nutrient acquisition just after its growth arrest. Its high physiological activities at its determinate state lead to the complete nutrient exploitation of a small patch of soil. The primary root of A.

Indeed, when the tip of the A. In opposition to the A. As quoted earlier, the necrotic appearance described in A. In opposition, rootlets remain fully active with a burst of membrane transporters, phosphatases, PEP-carboxylase and pentose phosphate cycle activities, revealing a very intense metabolic phase.

All these results led to propose that the determinate growth of the white lupin rootlet is not similar to that of A. In many plants, the determinacy of root growth is only induced by mechanical or nutritional stresses Shishkova et al. In white lupin, or some Cactaceae, a more regular determinacy appears in the root system Dubrovsky, ; Shishkova et al.

These plants naturally grow in adverse environments. In white lupin, formation of cluster roots is a response to Pi shortage and allows the exploitation of a low mobile Pi pool. We showed that rootlet reaches its higher metabolic activity when it stops growing. In maize Varney and Mccully, and, more recently, in other cereals such as rice Rebouillat et al. The proportion of short and long lateral roots was shown to be under the control of both environmental and genetic factors Vejchasarn et al.

In maize, the presence of short determinate roots is genetically controlled and varies between cultivars Dowd et al. Short determinate maize lateral roots have open xylem vessels down to the tip, favoring high water conductivity Wang et al.

However, water deficit conditions delay the determinacy program to give priority to root elongation and water foraging Dowd et al. It is interesting to note that root determinacy in cactus and white lupin is an adaptation to low mobile resources, rain water and Pi pools, respectively, whereas it is delayed in cereals to favor a deeper root system, illustrating the root dilemma between maximizing soil exploitation or soil exploration.

The fine study of white lupin rootlet development gave a clear illustration of this dilemma showing that exhaustion of the meristematic zone is required to build a short organ specialized in soil mining to optimize solubilization and absorption. The intricate molecular controls of the determinate growth leading to a complete differentiation into specialized roots dedicated to mining instead of foraging, is fully unknown and the study of white lupin rootlet development provides a powerful model to gain insight into this question.

TL performed the main experiments. CC and LB provided technical assistance in molecular biology and hairy root transformation. LM supervised microscope experiments. AS and PD analyzed the transcriptome data. LM and TL wrote the article. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Abdolzadeh, A. Effects of phosphorus supply on growth, phosphate concentration and cluster-root formation in three Lupinus species. Al-Ghazi, Y. Temporal responses of Arabidopsis root architecture to phosphate starvation: evidence for the involvement of auxin signalling. Plant Cell. Balzergue, C. Google Scholar. Bouain, N.

Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the root system response to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis. Cassan, O. Inferring and analyzing gene regulatory networks from multi-factorial expression data: a complete and interactive suite.

BMC Genom. Cheng, L. Update on white lupin cluster root acclimation to phosphorus deficiency update on lupin cluster roots. Plant Physiol. Chiou, T. Signaling network in sensing phosphate availability in plants. Plant Biol. Dinkelaker, B. Citric acid excretion and precipitation of calcium citrate in the rhizosphere of white lupin Lupinus albus L. Dowd, T. Maize lateral root developmental plasticity induced by mild water stress.

I: Genotypic variation across a high-resolution series of water potentials. II: Genotype-specific spatio-temporal effects on determinate development. Drisch, R. Function and regulation of transcription factors involved in root apical meristem and stem cell maintenance.

Plant Sci. Du, Y. PNAS , — Dubrovsky, J. Determinate primary-root growth in seedlings of sonoran desert cactaceae; its organization, cellular basis, and ecological significance.

Planta , 85— French, A. Identifying biological landmarks using a novel cell measuring image analysis tool: Cell-o-Tape. Plant Methods Gallardo, C. Anatomical and hormonal description of rootlet primordium development along white lupin cluster root.

Plant , 4— Goh, T. Development , — Adaptation to phosphate scarcity: Tips from Arabidopsis roots. Trends Plant Sci. Apical meristem exhaustion during determinate primary root growth in the moots koom 1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Planta , — Holford, I. Soil phosphorus: its measurement, and its uptake by plants. Soil Res. Hormonal results may be compromised in field samples maintained without cold storage. Without anticoagulant, progestagens also were stable, but cortisol and testosterone in blood decreased over time.

The method reliably quantifies six sex steroids and four corticosteroids. The hormone profiles of 10 stranded humpback whales are reported and discussed. Stress is a major factor when releasing endangered species into the wild but is often overlooked.

We explored methods to measure stress non-invasively that can be applied to rehabilitated rescued mandrills following release into the wild. We validated an assay for this purpose and showed that consistent extraction methods are needed for accurate hormone comparisons in this species. Stability of stress hormone metabolites, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites FGMs , and immunoglobulin A IgA was evaluated in horse feces dried in an air tight tube on silica gel, for improving stress analysis with fecal samples collected under field conditions with uncontrollable humidity.

IgA showed a significant loss, but FGMs were stable and appeared to be reliably preserved. We measured faecal corticosterone metabolites f CMs in aquatic salamander Necturus to understand how inter-renal function changes throughout seasonal environmental changes and associated reproductive activity. Measuring physiological parameters in the field is a challenge, so point-of-care devices are increasingly being used by conservation physiologists to assess blood parameters in non-human animals.

We tested a glucose meter in two invertebrates crab and mussel and highlight the need for caution when using such devices in invertebrates. Elasmobranch blood haematological parameters remained stable over 3 hours of storage duration, indicating that they do not need to be measured immediately. The HemoCue haemoglobin analyser can be used to measure haemoglobin concentrations from elasmobranch blood samples with the use of a correction equation. A wealth of data exists on the ecophysiological constraints of many fishes, but much of this information is underutilized in recovery plans due to a lack of synthesis.

We used the imperiled green sturgeon as an example of how a quantitative synthesis of physiological data can inform conservation plans. The rapid threat of extinction confronts mammals globally and potentially affects almost a quarter of mammals on the African continent.

The threats facing wildlife are numerous and include climate change, habit loss and poaching. The need to capture and translocate wildlife is essential to attempt to conserve species and maintain ecological balance.

Stress during these operations is inevitable, and a life-threatening condition called capture myopathy is still the cause for most deaths during and after such efforts. There is an urgent need to understand and address the cause s for this condition to improve conservation efforts and enhance animal welfare during such operations. Theory developed here predicts that, for an individual, variation reduces performance and contracts the range of viable temperatures.

By contrast, variation among individuals reduces performance but increases the viable range. Some animals may cope with such changes, but other species could undergo local extinction as a result. Lay summary : Climate change in the aquatic environment is leading to global warming, OA and an increase in hypoxic areas and events. Here, we review the effects of these three major stressors of climate change on the escape response of fishes and their implications for predator—prey relationships.

Lay Summary : Brief overview of biomechanical and behavioural consequences of ocean acidification and warming for marine organisms and communities inhabiting rocky temperate shores. A review that compares changes in body mass, glucocorticoid and sympathetic responses, and reproductive and immune function, in wild animals recently introduced into captivity to their wild counterparts.

Conclusion is that captivity can be a powerful chronic stressor that may be possible to mitigate, but the impact is highly species-specific. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Browse issues Year Issue Volume 7, Issue 1, Browse by volume. Cover image Cover image. EISSN Close mobile search navigation Issue navigation.

Research articles. Conservation Physiology in Action. Review article. Issue Navigation. Hormone-induced sperm-release in the critically endangered Booroolong frog Litoria booroolongensis : effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin Aimee J Silla , Michael S McFadden , Phillip G Byrne.

Sensitivities of an endemic, endangered California smelt and two non-native fishes to serial increases in temperature and salinity: implications for shifting community structure with climate change Brittany E Davis , Dennis E Cocherell , Ted Sommer , Randall D Baxter , Tien-Chieh Hung Maximum salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory capabilities of European perch Perca fluviatilis populations originating from different salinity habitats Emil A F Christensen , Martin Grosell , John F Steffensen.

Total flavonoid contents in bamboo diets and reproductive hormones in captive pandas: exploring the potential effects on the female giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca He Liu , Chenglin Zhang , Yan Liu , Hejun Duan. Seed storage behaviour of tropical members of the aquatic basal angiosperm genus Nymphaea L. Validating the use of dermal secretion as a matrix for monitoring glucocorticoid concentrations in African amphibian species Juan Scheun , Dominique Greeff , Katarina Medger , Andre Ganswindt.

Acclimation temperature effects on locomotor traits in adult aquatic anurans X. Lay summary: Differences in infectious agents and host immune gene expression were evaluated in the gill tissue of steelhead captured at and above a major hydraulic barrier on the Bulkley River. Thermal performance of fish is explained by an interplay between physiology, behaviour and ecology Philipp Neubauer , Ken H Andersen. Are model organisms representative for climate change research?

Physiological stress responses of tigers due to anthropogenic disturbance especially tourism in two central Indian tiger reserves Abhinav Tyagi , Vinod Kumar , Sagar Kittur , Mahender Reddy , Sergey Naidenko Increased wave action promotes muscle performance but increasing temperatures cause a tenacity—endurance trade-off in intertidal snails Nerita atramentosa Samuel Clayman , Frank Seebacher. Day and night in the subterranean: measuring daily activity patterns of subterranean rodents Ctenomys aff.

Seasonal and daily variations in primary and secondary metabolism of three maquis shrubs unveil different adaptive responses to Mediterranean climate Antonella Gori , Massimiliano Tattini , Mauro Centritto , Francesco Ferrini , Giovanni Marino Thermal physiology and activity in relation to reproductive status and sex in a free-ranging semelparous marsupial Cassandra A Parker , Fritz Geiser , Clare Stawski. Does physiological tolerance to acute hypoxia and salinity change explain ecological niche in two intertidal crab species?

Lay summary In response to acute salinity change or hypoxia, Hemigrapsus crenulatus exhibited better maintenance of osmoregulatory and cardiovascular function than Hemigrapsus sexdentatus. Lay summary It is poorly understood whether fish can acclimate to prolonged low-oxygen conditions or hypoxia. Disease such as cancer and death represent a disruption of the balance in these processes.

The following are a brief description of the life process :. At all levels of the organizational scheme, there is a division of labor. Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others. Even a single cell, if it loses its integrity or organization, will die.

Metabolism is a broad term that includes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. One phase of metabolism is catabolism in which complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released.

Responsiveness or irritability is concerned with detecting changes in the internal or external environments and reacting to that change. It is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding to it. There are many types of movement within the body. On the cellular level, molecules move from one place to another.

Blood moves from one part of the body to another. The diaphragm moves with every breath. The ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus to produce movement is called contractility. Read more. Regulation of protein translation Translation, the synthesis of proteins using mRNA as template, is the most energy consuming process of the cell.

Control of plant architecture A striking feature of plants is the huge variety of plant forms that can be found in nature. Trehalose metabolism The precursor of trehalose biosynthesis, trehalosephosphate T6P , is essential for development and controls carbon utilization in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Azolla for the circular economy Aquatic ferns from the genus Azolla constitute a symbiosis with cyanobacteria superseding the productivity of our crop plants whilst requiring no nitrogen fertilizer input.

Thermomorphogenesis Even a small increase in ambient temperature considerably hampers growth and productivity of many plants species including crops. Fungal Physiology Fungal physiology is the basis of biotope and global dispersion of fungal species. This will allow him to do two years of research in the lab of Prof. Coping with warmth: how plants adapt to rising temperatures News.